A review of second malignancies in Philadelphia (Ph.) chromosome negative myeloproliferative disorders
Keywords:
2nd malignnacies, MPN, Therapy, Surveilllance
Abstract
As the survival of cancers is improving, second malignancies have emerged as a major cause of morbidity and mortality in many cancers with the overall incidence of secondary cancers at 8%. More than 50% of such patients with secondary cancers will die due to their second malignancy. Second cancers are particularly common in lymphoid malignancies but are also seen in myeloid malignancies.1,2 In haematological malignancies, advances in molecular biology, modern diagnostics, stem cell transplantation and evolution of clinical trials in which multi agent chemotherapy protocols and new targeted drugs are being tested has allowed survival to gradually improve over the last several decades.3,4 However, autologous transplant and previous chemotherapy (particularly alkylating agents and purine analogues are implicated in inducing secondary genetic abnormalities and subsequent development of secondary myelodysplasia and acute leukaemia.5,6,7 Spontaneous malignancies are also noted after long-term lenalidomide therapy in multiple myeloma 8,9 and, more recently, after Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR-T) T-cell therapy with a varied incidence of 4-16%.10,11,12
Ph. negative myeloproliferative disorders (MPNs) have a relatively long survival, some like Polycythaemia Vera (PV) have a median five year survival of 85% which is equivalent to closely matched controls and, similarly, in Essential Thrombocytosis (ET) the 5 year survival is equivalent to matched healthy people.13 In MPNs particularly PV, vascular events and transformation to myelofibrosis and acute leukaemia are a major cause of mortality.14,15,16 Recently however second malignancies have been recognised as an additional risk factor for mortality in these disorders.17
This review is aimed at raising awareness amongst general physicians regarding the risk of second malignancies in Ph.-negative MPNs and the need for vigilance, screening and continued research.
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References
1. Donin N, Filson C, Drakaki A, et al. Risk of second primary malignancies among cancer survivors in the United States, 1992 through 2008. Cancer. 2016; 122(19):3075-3086.
2. Chattopadhyay S, Zheng G, Sud A, et al. Risk of second primary cancer following myeloid neoplasia and risk of myeloid neoplasia as second primary cancer: a nationwide, observational follow up study in Sweden. Lancet Haematol. 2018; 5(8):e368-e377
3. GullaA, Anderson KC. Multiple myeloma: the (r) evolution of current therapy and a glance into future. Haematologica. 2020; 105(10):2358-2367. doi:10.3324/haematol.2020.247015
4. Defining cure in multiple myeloma: a comparative study of outcomes of young individuals with myeloma and curable hematologic malignancies. Praful Ravi , Shaji K Kumar , James R Cerhan , Matthew J Maurer , David Dingli , Stephen M Ansell , S Vincent Rajkumar
Blood Cancer J, 2018 Feb 28; 8(3):26. doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0065-8
5. Mojtaba Akhtari, Vijaya Raj Bhatt, Pavan Kumar Tandra, Jairam Krishnamurthy, Heidi Horstman, Amy Dreessen, Pei Xian Chen, and James O Armitage, Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in lymphoma patients, Cancer Biol Ther ,v.14(12); 2013 Dec 1
6. Travis, L. B. et al. Second cancers among long-term survivors of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 85, 1932–1937 (1993).
7. Tward, J. D., Wendland, M. M., Shrieve, D. C., Szabo, A. & Gaffney, D. K. The risk of secondary malignancies over 30 years after the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 107, 108–115 (2006).
8. Saleem K, et al "Second primary malignancies in patients with haematological cancers treated with lenalidomide: a systematic review and meta-analysis" Lancet Haematol 2022; DOI:10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00289-7
9. Pawlyn C, Bird S "Lenalidomide and risk of second primary malignancy -- is disease context key?" Lancet Haematol 2022; DOI:10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00334-9.
10.Cappell, K. M. et al. Long-term follow-up of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 38, 3805–3815 (2020).
11.Steffin, D. H. M. et al. Long-term follow-up for the development of subsequent malignancies in patients treated with genetically modified IECs. Blood 140, 16–24 (2022).
12.Chong, E. A., Ruella, M. & Schuster, S. J., Lymphoma Program Investigators at the University of Pennsylvania. Five-year outcomes for refractory B-cell lymphomas with CAR T-cell therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 673–674 (2021).
13. Leukemia and lymphoma society (LLS); SEER data, National Cancer Institute, USA.http://lls.org
14. Barbui T, Carobbio A, Rumi E, Finazzi G, Gisslinger H, Rodeghiero F et al (2014) In contemporary patients with polycythemia vera, rates of thrombosis and risk factors delineate a new clinical epidemiology. Blood 124:3021–3023. https://doi.org/10.1182/ blood-2014-07-591610 3.
15. Passamonti F, Rumi E, Caramella M, Elena C, Arcaini L, Boveri E et al (2008) A dynamic prognostic model to predict survival in post-polycythemia vera myelofbrosis. Blood 111:3383–3387. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-11-121434
16. Finazzi G, Caruso V, Marchioli R, Capnist G, Chisesi T, Finelli C et al (2005) Acute leukemia in polycythemia vera: an analysis of 1638 patients enrolled in a prospective observational study. Blood 105:2664–2670. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-09-3426.
17. Marchetti M, Ghirardi A, Masciulli A, Carobbio A, Palandri F, Vianelli N et al (2020) Second cancers in MPN: survival analysis from an international study. Am J Hematol 95:295–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25700
18. Leukemia (2022) 36:1703–1719; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-022-01613-1
19. Szuber N, Finke CM, Lasho TL, Elliott MA, Hanson CA, Pardanani A, et al. CSF3Rmutated chronic neutrophilic leukemia: long-term outcome in 19 consecutive patients and risk model for survival. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8:21.
20. Pettersson H, Knutsen H, Holmberg E, Andreasson B. Increased incidence of another cancer in myeloproliferative neoplasms patients at the time of diagnosis. Eur J Haematol. 2015;94(2):152-156.
21. Rumi E, Boveri E, Bellini M, Pietra D, Ferretti VV, Sant’Antonio E, et al. Clinical course and outcome of essential thrombocythemia and prefibrotic myelofibrosis according to the revised WHO 2016 diagnostic criteria. Oncotarget. 2017;8:101735–44.
22. Guido Finazzi, Vanesa Caruso, Roberto Marchioli, Giovanni Capnist, Teodoro Chisesi, Carlo Finelli, Luigi Gugliotta, Raffaele Landolfi, Jack Kutti, Heinz Gisslinger, Raphael Marilus, Carlo Patrono, Enrico Maria Pogliani, Maria Luigia Randi, Ana Villegas, Gianni Tognoni, and Tiziano Barbui, for the ECLAP Investigators. Acute leukemia in polycythaemia vera: an analysis of 1638 patients enrolled in a prospective observational study. Blood, 1 April 2005 vol 105, no 7
23. Donovan PB, Kaplan ME, Goldberg JD, et al. Treatment of polycythaemia Vera with hydroxyurea. Am J Haematol. 1984;17:329-334.
24. Weinfeld A, Swolin B, Westin J. Acute leukaemia after hydroxyurea therapy in polycythaemia vera and allied disorders: prospective study of efficacy and leukaemogenicity with therapeutic implications. Eur J Haematol. 1994;52:134
25. Brusamolino E, Salvaneschi L, Canevari A, Bernasconi C. Efficacy trial of pipobroman in polycythaemia Vera and incidence of acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2:558-561.
26. 8. Gilbert HS, Ginsberg H, Fagerstrom R, Brown WV. Characterization of hypocholesterolaemia in myeloproliferative disease: relation to disease manifestations and activity. Am J Med. 1981;71: 595-602.
27. Nand S, Messmore H, Fisher SG, et al. Leukemic transformation in polycythaemia vera: analysis of risk factors. Am J Hematol. 1990;34:32-36.
28. Finazzi G, Ruggeri M, Rodeghiero F, et al. Second malignancies in patients with essential thrombocythemia treated with busulfan and hydroxyurea: long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Br J Haematol. 2000;110:577-583.
29. Berk PD, Goldberg JD, Donovan PB, Fruchtman SM, Berlin NI, Wasserman LR. Therapeutic recommendations in polycythaemia vera based on Polycythaemia Vera Study Group protocols. Semin Hematol. 1986;23:132-143
30. Brunner AM, Hobbs G, Jalbut MM, et al. A population‐based analysis of second malignancies among patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms in the SEER database. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016; 57:1197‐1200.
31. Barbara Mora1 | Elisa Rumi2 | Paola Guglielmelli3 | Daniela Barraco, Francesco Passamonti et al Second primary malignancies in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A study on 2233 patients. Cancer Medicine. 2019;8:4089–4092
32. Brabrand M, Frederiksen H; Risks of Solid and Lymphoid Malignancies in Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Clinical Implications ,Cancers 2020, 12, 3061; doi:10.3390/cancers12103061
33. Barbui T.,Ghirardi, A., Masciulli, A. et al. Second cancer in Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN-K). A nested case-control study. Leukemia 33, 1996–2005 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-019-0487-8
34. Barbui T, Ghirardi A, Masciulli A, et al. Second cancer in Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN-K). A nested case control study. Leukemia. 2019;33(8):1996-20
35. Masarova L, Cherry M, Newberry KJ, et al. Secondary solid tumors and lymphoma in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythaemia vera – single center experience. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016;57:237‐239
36. Vannucchi AM, Kiladjian JJ, Griesshammer M, Masszi T, Durrant S, Passamonti F et al (2015) Ruxolitinib versus standard therapy for the treatment of polycythaemia vera. N Engl J Med 372:426–435. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1409002 .
37. Passamonti F, Griesshammer M, Palandri F, Egyed M, Benevolo G, Devos T et al (2017) Ruxolitinib for the treatment of inadequately controlled polycythaemia vera without splenomegaly (RESPONSE-2): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b study. Lancet Oncol 18:88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16) 30558-7
38. Kiladjian JJ, Zachee P, Hino M et al (2020) Long-term efcacy and safety of ruxolitinib versus best available therapy in polycythaemia vera (RESPONSE): 5-year follow up of a phase 3 study. Lancet Haematol 7(3):e226–e237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352- 3026(19)30207-8
39.Rohit Sekhri,Parvis Sadjadian,Tatjana Becker,Vera Kolatzki,Karlo Huenerbein · Raphael Meixner,Hannah Marchi,Rudolf Wallmann,Christiane Fuchs,Martin Griesshammer · Kai Wille, Ruxolitinib treated polycythemia vera patients and their risk of secondary malignancies Annals of Hematology (2021) 100:2707–2716
40. Orpaczy E, Tripolt S, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Gisslinger B, BagoHorvath Z, Casanova-Hevia E et al (2018) Aggressive B-cell lymphomas in patients with myelofibrosis receiving JAK1/2 inhibitor therapy. Blood 132:694–706. https://doi.org/10.1182/ blood-2017-10-810739
41. Mora B, Rumi E, Guglielmelli P, Barraco D, Mafoli M, Rambaldi A et al (2019) Second primary malignancies in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofbrosis: a study on 2233 patients. Cancer Med 8:4089–4092. https://doi. org/10.1002/cam4.2107
42. Mafoli M, Giorgino T, Mora B, Iurlo A, Elli E, Finazzi MC et al (2019) Second primary malignancies in ruxolitinib-treated myelofbrosis: real-world evidence from 219 consecutive patients. Blood Adv 3:3196–3200. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances. 2019000646
43. Nielsen C, Birgens HS, Nordstgaard BG, Kjaer L, Bojesen SE. The JAK2 V617F somatic mutation, mortality and cancer risk in the general population. Haematologica. 2011;96(3):450-453.
44. Krahling T, Balassa K, Kiss KP, et al. Co-occurrence of myeloproliferative neoplasms and solid tumours is attributed to a synergism between cytoreductive therapy and the common TERT polymorphism rs2736100. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25(1):98-104
45. Frederiksen, H.; Farkas, D.K.; Christiansen, C.F.; Larsen, T.S.; Hasselbalch, H.C.; Stentoft, J.; Sørensen, H.T. Survival of patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms and new primary cancers: A population-based cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2015, 2, e289–e296
46. The role of aspirin in cancer prevention. Michael J. Thun, Eric J. Jacobs & Carlo Patrono ,Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology volume 9, pages259–267 (2012)
47. Troelsen, F.S.; Farkas, D.K.; Ording, A.G.; Erichsen, R.; Jick, S.; Sorensen, H.T. Prevalence of Colorectal Neoplasms and Mortality in New Users of Low-Dose Aspirin With Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am. J. Ther. 2019.
48. Bardou, M.; Barkun, A.; Martel, M.; Chapelle, N. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in the general population: An umbrella metaanalysis. Gastroenterology 2019, 156, S472–S473.
49. Rothwell, P.M.; Wilson, M.; Elwin, C.E.; Norrving, B.; Algra, A.; Warlow, C.P.; Meade, T.W. Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet 2010, 376, 1741–1750.
50. Barbui, T.; Ghirardi, A.; Vannucchi, A.M.; Marchetti, M.; De Stefano, V.; on behalf of MPN-K
2. Chattopadhyay S, Zheng G, Sud A, et al. Risk of second primary cancer following myeloid neoplasia and risk of myeloid neoplasia as second primary cancer: a nationwide, observational follow up study in Sweden. Lancet Haematol. 2018; 5(8):e368-e377
3. GullaA, Anderson KC. Multiple myeloma: the (r) evolution of current therapy and a glance into future. Haematologica. 2020; 105(10):2358-2367. doi:10.3324/haematol.2020.247015
4. Defining cure in multiple myeloma: a comparative study of outcomes of young individuals with myeloma and curable hematologic malignancies. Praful Ravi , Shaji K Kumar , James R Cerhan , Matthew J Maurer , David Dingli , Stephen M Ansell , S Vincent Rajkumar
Blood Cancer J, 2018 Feb 28; 8(3):26. doi: 10.1038/s41408-018-0065-8
5. Mojtaba Akhtari, Vijaya Raj Bhatt, Pavan Kumar Tandra, Jairam Krishnamurthy, Heidi Horstman, Amy Dreessen, Pei Xian Chen, and James O Armitage, Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms after autologous hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in lymphoma patients, Cancer Biol Ther ,v.14(12); 2013 Dec 1
6. Travis, L. B. et al. Second cancers among long-term survivors of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. J. Natl Cancer Inst. 85, 1932–1937 (1993).
7. Tward, J. D., Wendland, M. M., Shrieve, D. C., Szabo, A. & Gaffney, D. K. The risk of secondary malignancies over 30 years after the treatment of non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Cancer 107, 108–115 (2006).
8. Saleem K, et al "Second primary malignancies in patients with haematological cancers treated with lenalidomide: a systematic review and meta-analysis" Lancet Haematol 2022; DOI:10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00289-7
9. Pawlyn C, Bird S "Lenalidomide and risk of second primary malignancy -- is disease context key?" Lancet Haematol 2022; DOI:10.1016/S2352-3026(22)00334-9.
10.Cappell, K. M. et al. Long-term follow-up of anti-CD19 chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy. J. Clin. Oncol. 38, 3805–3815 (2020).
11.Steffin, D. H. M. et al. Long-term follow-up for the development of subsequent malignancies in patients treated with genetically modified IECs. Blood 140, 16–24 (2022).
12.Chong, E. A., Ruella, M. & Schuster, S. J., Lymphoma Program Investigators at the University of Pennsylvania. Five-year outcomes for refractory B-cell lymphomas with CAR T-cell therapy. N. Engl. J. Med. 384, 673–674 (2021).
13. Leukemia and lymphoma society (LLS); SEER data, National Cancer Institute, USA.http://lls.org
14. Barbui T, Carobbio A, Rumi E, Finazzi G, Gisslinger H, Rodeghiero F et al (2014) In contemporary patients with polycythemia vera, rates of thrombosis and risk factors delineate a new clinical epidemiology. Blood 124:3021–3023. https://doi.org/10.1182/ blood-2014-07-591610 3.
15. Passamonti F, Rumi E, Caramella M, Elena C, Arcaini L, Boveri E et al (2008) A dynamic prognostic model to predict survival in post-polycythemia vera myelofbrosis. Blood 111:3383–3387. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2007-11-121434
16. Finazzi G, Caruso V, Marchioli R, Capnist G, Chisesi T, Finelli C et al (2005) Acute leukemia in polycythemia vera: an analysis of 1638 patients enrolled in a prospective observational study. Blood 105:2664–2670. https://doi.org/10.1182/blood-2004-09-3426.
17. Marchetti M, Ghirardi A, Masciulli A, Carobbio A, Palandri F, Vianelli N et al (2020) Second cancers in MPN: survival analysis from an international study. Am J Hematol 95:295–301. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajh.25700
18. Leukemia (2022) 36:1703–1719; https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-022-01613-1
19. Szuber N, Finke CM, Lasho TL, Elliott MA, Hanson CA, Pardanani A, et al. CSF3Rmutated chronic neutrophilic leukemia: long-term outcome in 19 consecutive patients and risk model for survival. Blood Cancer J. 2018;8:21.
20. Pettersson H, Knutsen H, Holmberg E, Andreasson B. Increased incidence of another cancer in myeloproliferative neoplasms patients at the time of diagnosis. Eur J Haematol. 2015;94(2):152-156.
21. Rumi E, Boveri E, Bellini M, Pietra D, Ferretti VV, Sant’Antonio E, et al. Clinical course and outcome of essential thrombocythemia and prefibrotic myelofibrosis according to the revised WHO 2016 diagnostic criteria. Oncotarget. 2017;8:101735–44.
22. Guido Finazzi, Vanesa Caruso, Roberto Marchioli, Giovanni Capnist, Teodoro Chisesi, Carlo Finelli, Luigi Gugliotta, Raffaele Landolfi, Jack Kutti, Heinz Gisslinger, Raphael Marilus, Carlo Patrono, Enrico Maria Pogliani, Maria Luigia Randi, Ana Villegas, Gianni Tognoni, and Tiziano Barbui, for the ECLAP Investigators. Acute leukemia in polycythaemia vera: an analysis of 1638 patients enrolled in a prospective observational study. Blood, 1 April 2005 vol 105, no 7
23. Donovan PB, Kaplan ME, Goldberg JD, et al. Treatment of polycythaemia Vera with hydroxyurea. Am J Haematol. 1984;17:329-334.
24. Weinfeld A, Swolin B, Westin J. Acute leukaemia after hydroxyurea therapy in polycythaemia vera and allied disorders: prospective study of efficacy and leukaemogenicity with therapeutic implications. Eur J Haematol. 1994;52:134
25. Brusamolino E, Salvaneschi L, Canevari A, Bernasconi C. Efficacy trial of pipobroman in polycythaemia Vera and incidence of acute leukemia. J Clin Oncol. 1984;2:558-561.
26. 8. Gilbert HS, Ginsberg H, Fagerstrom R, Brown WV. Characterization of hypocholesterolaemia in myeloproliferative disease: relation to disease manifestations and activity. Am J Med. 1981;71: 595-602.
27. Nand S, Messmore H, Fisher SG, et al. Leukemic transformation in polycythaemia vera: analysis of risk factors. Am J Hematol. 1990;34:32-36.
28. Finazzi G, Ruggeri M, Rodeghiero F, et al. Second malignancies in patients with essential thrombocythemia treated with busulfan and hydroxyurea: long-term follow-up of a randomized clinical trial. Br J Haematol. 2000;110:577-583.
29. Berk PD, Goldberg JD, Donovan PB, Fruchtman SM, Berlin NI, Wasserman LR. Therapeutic recommendations in polycythaemia vera based on Polycythaemia Vera Study Group protocols. Semin Hematol. 1986;23:132-143
30. Brunner AM, Hobbs G, Jalbut MM, et al. A population‐based analysis of second malignancies among patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms in the SEER database. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016; 57:1197‐1200.
31. Barbara Mora1 | Elisa Rumi2 | Paola Guglielmelli3 | Daniela Barraco, Francesco Passamonti et al Second primary malignancies in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofibrosis: A study on 2233 patients. Cancer Medicine. 2019;8:4089–4092
32. Brabrand M, Frederiksen H; Risks of Solid and Lymphoid Malignancies in Patients with Myeloproliferative Neoplasms: Clinical Implications ,Cancers 2020, 12, 3061; doi:10.3390/cancers12103061
33. Barbui T.,Ghirardi, A., Masciulli, A. et al. Second cancer in Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN-K). A nested case-control study. Leukemia 33, 1996–2005 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41375-019-0487-8
34. Barbui T, Ghirardi A, Masciulli A, et al. Second cancer in Philadelphia negative myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN-K). A nested case control study. Leukemia. 2019;33(8):1996-20
35. Masarova L, Cherry M, Newberry KJ, et al. Secondary solid tumors and lymphoma in patients with essential thrombocythemia and polycythaemia vera – single center experience. Leuk Lymphoma. 2016;57:237‐239
36. Vannucchi AM, Kiladjian JJ, Griesshammer M, Masszi T, Durrant S, Passamonti F et al (2015) Ruxolitinib versus standard therapy for the treatment of polycythaemia vera. N Engl J Med 372:426–435. https://doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1409002 .
37. Passamonti F, Griesshammer M, Palandri F, Egyed M, Benevolo G, Devos T et al (2017) Ruxolitinib for the treatment of inadequately controlled polycythaemia vera without splenomegaly (RESPONSE-2): a randomised, open-label, phase 3b study. Lancet Oncol 18:88–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/S1470-2045(16) 30558-7
38. Kiladjian JJ, Zachee P, Hino M et al (2020) Long-term efcacy and safety of ruxolitinib versus best available therapy in polycythaemia vera (RESPONSE): 5-year follow up of a phase 3 study. Lancet Haematol 7(3):e226–e237. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352- 3026(19)30207-8
39.Rohit Sekhri,Parvis Sadjadian,Tatjana Becker,Vera Kolatzki,Karlo Huenerbein · Raphael Meixner,Hannah Marchi,Rudolf Wallmann,Christiane Fuchs,Martin Griesshammer · Kai Wille, Ruxolitinib treated polycythemia vera patients and their risk of secondary malignancies Annals of Hematology (2021) 100:2707–2716
40. Orpaczy E, Tripolt S, Hoelbl-Kovacic A, Gisslinger B, BagoHorvath Z, Casanova-Hevia E et al (2018) Aggressive B-cell lymphomas in patients with myelofibrosis receiving JAK1/2 inhibitor therapy. Blood 132:694–706. https://doi.org/10.1182/ blood-2017-10-810739
41. Mora B, Rumi E, Guglielmelli P, Barraco D, Mafoli M, Rambaldi A et al (2019) Second primary malignancies in postpolycythemia vera and postessential thrombocythemia myelofbrosis: a study on 2233 patients. Cancer Med 8:4089–4092. https://doi. org/10.1002/cam4.2107
42. Mafoli M, Giorgino T, Mora B, Iurlo A, Elli E, Finazzi MC et al (2019) Second primary malignancies in ruxolitinib-treated myelofbrosis: real-world evidence from 219 consecutive patients. Blood Adv 3:3196–3200. https://doi.org/10.1182/bloodadvances. 2019000646
43. Nielsen C, Birgens HS, Nordstgaard BG, Kjaer L, Bojesen SE. The JAK2 V617F somatic mutation, mortality and cancer risk in the general population. Haematologica. 2011;96(3):450-453.
44. Krahling T, Balassa K, Kiss KP, et al. Co-occurrence of myeloproliferative neoplasms and solid tumours is attributed to a synergism between cytoreductive therapy and the common TERT polymorphism rs2736100. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2016;25(1):98-104
45. Frederiksen, H.; Farkas, D.K.; Christiansen, C.F.; Larsen, T.S.; Hasselbalch, H.C.; Stentoft, J.; Sørensen, H.T. Survival of patients with chronic myeloproliferative neoplasms and new primary cancers: A population-based cohort study. Lancet Haematol. 2015, 2, e289–e296
46. The role of aspirin in cancer prevention. Michael J. Thun, Eric J. Jacobs & Carlo Patrono ,Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology volume 9, pages259–267 (2012)
47. Troelsen, F.S.; Farkas, D.K.; Ording, A.G.; Erichsen, R.; Jick, S.; Sorensen, H.T. Prevalence of Colorectal Neoplasms and Mortality in New Users of Low-Dose Aspirin With Lower Gastrointestinal Bleeding. Am. J. Ther. 2019.
48. Bardou, M.; Barkun, A.; Martel, M.; Chapelle, N. Chemoprevention of colorectal cancer in the general population: An umbrella metaanalysis. Gastroenterology 2019, 156, S472–S473.
49. Rothwell, P.M.; Wilson, M.; Elwin, C.E.; Norrving, B.; Algra, A.; Warlow, C.P.; Meade, T.W. Long-term effect of aspirin on colorectal cancer incidence and mortality: 20-year follow-up of five randomised trials. Lancet 2010, 376, 1741–1750.
50. Barbui, T.; Ghirardi, A.; Vannucchi, A.M.; Marchetti, M.; De Stefano, V.; on behalf of MPN-K
Published
2024-09-27
How to Cite
1.
Wandroo F. A review of second malignancies in Philadelphia (Ph.) chromosome negative myeloproliferative disorders. jms [Internet]. 2024Sep.27 [cited 2026Oct.2];27(3):10-7. Available from: https://www.jmsskims.org/index.php/jms/article/view/1396
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